Key Features and Diagnosis:

SUD manifests through a pattern of behaviors that include cravings, tolerance (needing more of the substance to achieve the same effect), withdrawal symptoms, and continued use despite recognizing the harmful impact on one’s life. Diagnosis typically involves criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which assesses the severity based on the number of criteria met.

Causes and Risk Factors
The development of SUD is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Genetics can predispose individuals to addiction, while environmental factors like exposure to substance use at a young age or high-stress environments can increase the risk. Psychological aspects such as trauma, mental health disorders, and stress also play a significant role.

Impact on Health
SUD can have profound effects on physical and mental health. Physically, it can lead to liver disease, cardiovascular problems, respiratory issues, and increased risk of infectious diseases. Mentally, it can exacerbate conditions such as depression and anxiety, impair cognitive functions, and lead to social and occupational difficulties.

Treatment and Recovery
Treatment for SUD typically involves a combination of approaches including medical intervention, counseling, and support groups. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) can be effective for certain substances, helping to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Behavioral therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management, address the psychological aspects of addiction. Support from peer groups and family is also crucial in sustaining recovery.

Recovery is a long-term process that involves building a support network, developing coping strategies, and making lifestyle changes. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals can achieve and maintain sobriety, leading to improved overall health and quality of life.